The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occured in 1994 when members of the Hutu ethnic majority in the east-central African nation of Rwanda murdered as many as . Congo's second civil war ended in 2003, but ongoing conflict has left millions displaced. New PM of Congo. Hutu make up 84% of Rwandans and 85% of Burundians, making them the largest population division in the two countries. The First Congo War began in 1996 as an effort to punish members of these militia and to prevent raids or an invasion by the groups involved, the newly Tutsi-dominated army of Rwanda entered eastern Zaïre, supported by . prevails . Following a three-day uprising in 1963, the Congo fell under the influence of scientific socialism, establishing relations with the Eastern Bloc and becoming a single-party People's Republic. The Kingdom of Rwanda — a country neighboring Congo — used to be ruled almost exclusively by Tutsi tribesmen since the 1960s, when it gained its independence from Belgium. The crisis began almost immediately after the Congo became independent from Belgium and ended, unofficially, with the entire country under the rule of Joseph-Désiré Mobutu. The superpowers and regional powers, including Syria, used their allies in Lebanon to wage their own proxy wars in the midst of the 17-year-long Lebanese Civil . It took nearly 250 eventful years longer for it to boil into a war. Kabila civil war in the Congo. CC BY-NC-ND/ICRC/Pedram Yazdi. The Congo Crisis was a period of political upheaval and conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1960 and 1965, initially caused by a mutiny by the white leadership in the Congolese army and resulting in the execution of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. War and Decolonization in Portugal's African Empire, 1961-1975. For nearly a quarter of a century, the DRC has undergone several crises, but the current one, which is caused by civil wars, has produced deadly consequences. . Many children have lost loved ones in unspeakable acts of violence, and many suffer the consequences of physical or psychological trauma. Peace is achieved in 2003, but the war's deadly legacy continues to be felt in continuing ethnic violence, instability, authoritarian . While the Tutsi people only made up about 15% of the population, they also owned far more land than the Hutus who made up the remaining 85%. From 1998. 5. Root Cause of Congo Crisis. However, after Kabila was installed as the new President, he broke ties with Rwanda and Uganda. September 30, 2014 4:01 AM EDT. Egypt and Algeria Radical Nationalism, Nonalignment, and External Intervention in North Africa, 1952-1973. 2. The 1998 civil war was dominated by autonomous state players using rebel groups as proxies to achieve state's goals. The end of the Second Congo War only slightly alleviated the conflicts. 3. DR Congo is a vast country with immense economic resources and, until recently, has been at the centre of what some observers call "Africa's world war", with widespread civilian suffering the result. One main cause of this is the vast amount of refugees that fled Rwandan during the Rwandan . Two million were forced from their homes in 2012, for instance, due to violence in the . For nearly 2 decades, DRC has been divided by armed conflict as a result of the First and Second Congo Wars (1996-1997 and 1998-2003,) and the . Until 1960, the Congo had been a colony of Belgian but in 1960, Belgian announced that it was giving the Congo its independence. Second war. The Congo Crisis (French: Crise congolaise) was a period of political upheaval and conflict between 1960 and 1965 in the Republic of the Congo (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Credit: Oxfam East Africa. The war is generally divided into two phases with an interlude: from August 1927 to 1937, the KMT-CCP Alliance collapsed during the Northern Expedition, and the Nationalists controlled most of China. The Conference's chairman, former President John Tyler described "an atmosphere where lunacy . Nationalism, Decolonization, and the Cold War, 1945-1991. The ICRC is stepping up its emergency assistance to the people affected during the armed conflict and violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the jungles of eastern Congo, rebel groups and sovereign states used the geography to hide their forces. Yet, the event remains overlooked and understudied. June 26, 2013. Congo has endured two foreign invasions and protracted civil war since the aftermath of Rwanda's genocide spilled across the border in 1994 with an influx of more than a million Rwandan Hutu refugees. The United Nations' role in the Congo crisis between 1960 and 1964 saw its largest deployment of men and some of its most controversial actions. The First and Second Congo Wars caused the largest loss of life that has occurred since World War 2. However, hostilities have continued since then in the ongoing . But, as Stearns says, "like layers of an onion, the Congo war contains wars within wars." For example, Uganda and Rwanda fell out badly with each other and fought on Congo soil. The armed conflict and violence in the Democratic . The first such confrontation occurred in the former . The English Civil War (1642-1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom. Two regime changes took place as the country faced a rise in ethnic tensions, with Denis Sassou Nguesso assuming presidency in 1979. The triggering events behind the "Congo crisis" were the mutiny of the army (the Force Publique) near Léopoldville on July 5 and the subsequent intervention of Belgian paratroopers, ostensibly to protect the lives of Belgian citizens. The first phase of the Second Congo War led to a stalemate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.On one side were Congolese rebels backed and guided by Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi. The Second Congo War, also known as Africa's World War and the Great War of Africa, began in August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly called Zaire), and officially ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo took power (though hostilities continue to this day). Cyril's Adoula. Since the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, the Congo has had a great amount of ethnic conflict and civil war. The 1998 civil war was dominated by autonomous state players using rebel groups as proxies to . This is a potential worth the combined gross domestic product of Europe and the US, and . The periodization of scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the Civil War in the United States in the historical and legal literature can be carried out by dividing the research into three main periods: the "confrontational" (second half of the 19th century); the "socio-economic" (beginning - middle of the 20th century . Abstract. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is named after the Congo River, which flows throughout the country.The Congo River is the world's deepest river and the world's second-largest river by discharge.The Comité d'études du haut Congo ("Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo"), established by King Leopold II of Belgium in 1876, and the International Association of the Congo, established by . The Washington Peace Conference of early February 1861 was held in a city already involved in a military build-up caused by frenzied Republican editors and politicians. The periodization of scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the Civil War in the United States in the historical and legal literature can be carried out by dividing the research into three main periods: the "confrontational" (second half of the 19th century); the "socio-economic" (beginning - middle of the 20th century . (Armin Rosen) The conflict in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, which I visited over the last week of April, has . The paper, led by Stanford researchers and co-authored by CU Boulder . Another 2.3 million, according to NGOs reports in 2003, are homeless. . Another 2.3 million, according to NGOs reports in 2003, are homeless. T he slow burn of war has long ravaged the heart of Africa. Security has severely deteriorated since 2017, displacing over 5 million people and leaving 19.6 million in need of humanitarian assistance. It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms.The first (1642-1646) and second (1648-1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the . The conflict has been the world's bloodiest since World War II. Nine African countries and around twenty-five armed groups became involved in the war. In the First Congo War, the support of Rwanda and Uganda enabled Congolese rebel, Laurent Désiré-Kabila, to overthrow Mobutu Sese Seko's government. One of the most lethal wars of the last one hundred years, the Congo Civil War claimed the lives of 5.4 million people over a period of five years. Interestingly, the Congo case contrasted with several African civil wars where warlords' interests dominated state's . The armed conflict and violence between communities have destroyed crops and left people with next to nothing. Causes of the Congolese Civil Wars and their implications for Humanitarian Assistance 4 patrons or from investors willing to invest"23 is no longer dependent on taxation of domestic productive sectors.24 In the majority of Sub-Saharan states primary resources and foreign aid represent a basic means of power allocation. First Congo War (1996-1997), which led to the overthrow of Mobutu by Laurent-Désiré Kabila and his rebels Second Congo War (1998-2003), involved nine nations and led to ongoing low-level warfare despite an official peace treaty and the first democratic elections in 2006 Ituri conflict (1999-2007), a subconflict of the Second Congo War The triggering events behind the "Congo crisis" were the mutiny of the army (the Force Publique) near Léopoldville on July 5 and the subsequent intervention of Belgian paratroopers, ostensibly to protect the lives of Belgian citizens. The conflict in Central African Republic has stolen the childhood of over a million children. 3 of the 4 factions team up against Tshombe. This essay analyzes the role of insurgent groups in the anti-Kabila civil war in the Congo. Congo's second war officially ended in 2003 when a transitional government took over after the signing of peace agreements between African nations. The First and Second Congo Wars, which sparked the violence, involved multiple foreign armies, ad hoc militia groups, and investors from Rwanda . Image caption, Stanley's expeditions opened up the . The Congo is a massive country, the size of Western Europe. A coalition comprised of the Ugandan and Rwandan armies, along with Congolese opposition leader Laurent Désiré Kabila, eventually defeated dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. 1.3 million children in Central African Republic are currently in need of humanitarian assistance. Economically, conflict is driven by the government, rebel groups, and external actors for control over Congo's vast natural resource wealth, including some of the worlds largest strategic mineral reserves. UN gives forces permission to use force to prevent a civil war. The war featured conflict between two primary Angolan factions, the Communist MPLA and the anti-Communist UNITA. Millions of people in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the largest member in a neighborhood wracked by . Ojukwu's forces made some initial advances, but Nigeria's superior . T he slow burn of war has long ravaged the heart of Africa. Through a few deceptive elections Mobutu was able to maintain his power in the Congo. Over a half million Tutsi and moderate Hutus were slaughtered by the Hutu-run government and army. Mobutu caused much discord and civil war, but eventually due to a rebel group lead by Laurent Kabila with help from Rwanda and Uganda, Mobutu's regime was toppled. Congo was also confronted with several Ebola outbreaks in recent years . Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) The Angolan Civil War was a prolonged conflict in the southwestern African nation that spilled into several nearby countries, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Namibia. Millions of people in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the largest member in a neighborhood wracked by . Causes of the Congolese Civil Wars and their implications for Humanitarian Assistance 4 patrons or from investors willing to invest"23 is no longer dependent on taxation of domestic productive sectors.24 In the majority of Sub-Saharan states primary resources and foreign aid represent a basic means of power allocation. . The war started in 1996 in the aftermath of the civil war in Rwanda and was formally ended by a peace agreement in 2003. . The Hutu people are one of Africa's numerous Bantu groups, and they reside in Rwanda and Burundi with communities in the eastern portion of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The world's largest population of Grauer's gorilla, also known as eastern lowland gorillas, have plummeted in the midst of a nearly two-decade civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There are several causes of this war, such as the power vacuum, resource fighting and ethnic tensions. The original impetus of the Civil War was set in motion when a Dutch trader offloaded a cargo of African slaves at Jamestown, Va., in 1619. The First Congo War In 1996 Rwanda and Uganda invaded the eastern DRC in an effort to root out the remaining perpetrators of the genocide. The Second Congo War officially ended in 2003, but the war and its aftermath caused over five million deaths by 2008. Since 1996, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC; Congo) has been embroiled in violence that has killed as many as 6 million people. Congo's second civil war ended in 2003, but ongoing conflict has left millions displaced. The Northern and Southern sections of the United States developed along different lines. Congo has endured two foreign invasions and protracted civil war since the aftermath of Rwanda's genocide spilled across the border in 1994 with an influx of more than a million Rwandan Hutu refugees. The DRC became a battleground where various African nations, from North to South, either directly or indirectly fought over resources and power. Two million were forced from their homes in 2012, for instance, due to violence in the . A spill over war resulting from the Rwandan Genocide, fighting continued between the Hutu and Tutsi people, backed by Uganda. The Real Cause of the Civil War. The conflict was fought along ethnic and political lines but included foreign intervention from the United States, the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and South Africa. Nonetheless, as the war dragged on, the goal of combatants changed to greed. In March 2014, immediately following the Euromaidan protest movement and subsequent Revolution of Dignity, protests by pro-Russian, anti-government separatist groups arose in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine, collectively . By 2008, the war and its aftermath had caused 5.4 million deaths, principally through disease and starvation, making the Second Congo War the deadliest conflict worldwide since World War II. February 26, 2014. The Congo, Decolonization, and the Cold War, 1960-1965. "The curse of coltan", a report on DRC minerals potential published in the New African magazine in April 2010, reports that "DRC untapped deposits of raw minerals are estimated to be worth in excess of USD 24 trillion.". Dehumanization: where one group denies the humanity . Rwandan support fuels a march westward, while Zimbabwe, Namibia, Angola and others support Kabila's forces. September 30, 2014 4:01 AM EDT. Congo back as one whole country and access to Katanga's resources 4. Western Sahara Congo Brazzaville, the Reasons Behind the Civil War Print In Defence of Marxism 27 October 1997 Congo On October 16, 1997, the troops of the former president of Congo Brazzaville, M. Sassou Nguesso, took control of the capital Brazzaville, thus ousting the current president Pascal Lissouba, after a five month long civil war. February 26, 2014. 4. Zaire Government Troops, the Second Congo Civil WarThe Second Congo Civil War was the struggle to overthrow long-time Zaire President Mobutu Sese Seko by Laurent-Désiré Kabila, the leader of the Alliance of Democratic Forces of the Liberation of Congo (ADFLC). During the civil war of 1996-1997 and during the war of 1998-2001, the rebels based their operations out of eastern Congo, where the government maintained the least control. Although it is still a developing country, the Congo does have a large number of natural resources, copper being one of its main primary resources. The Congo Crisis, 1960-1965. August 1961. The Angolan Civil War began in Angola after the end of the war for independence from Portugal in 1975. Constituting a series of civil wars, the Congo Crisis was also a proxy . But the fighting still persists. On the other side were both Congolese paramilitary groups and the government, under the leadership of Laurent Désiré-Kabila, backed by Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, the Sudan, Chad, and Libya. 1. After diplomatic efforts by Nigeria failed to reunite the country, war between Nigeria and Biafra broke out in July 1967. This conflict is played out primarily in Congo's eastern provinces and southern Katanga province. Poverty and famine usually have mainly political and institutional causes, not demographic ones. The wars caused a drastic increase in the number of orphans, helping to create the gruesome phenomenon known as "child soldiers." The wars also exacerbated ethnic tensions over land and territory in Eastern Congo, posing a long-term challenge for the transition to peace. The Hutu population is estimated at 11.5 million. Those uprooted by the war were deprived of access to humanitarian services by the same factors that caused their flight and isolation (Human Rights Watch 2003). The most important cause of famine is therefore not the population explosion. The war in Donbas is an armed conflict in the Donbas region of Ukraine, part of the broader Russo-Ukrainian War. Adding to the confusion was a constitutional impasse that pitted the new country's president and prime minister against each other and brought the . The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China (ROC) and forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) lasting intermittently after 1927.. The Congolese government was unable to control and defeat the various armed groups, some of which directly threatened populations in neighboring countries, and war eventually broke out. Despite the Genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda, every genocide has many pre- condition stages such like: classification, Symbolization, Discrimination, Dehumanization, Organization, Polarization, Preparation, and Persecution, which consist of some causes of the massacre against the victim group. The Second Congo War begins with a rebellion led by ethnic Tutsi minority forces in the eastern DRC. This translates to nearly 3,000 fatalities a day . The Democratic Republic of Congo, located in Central Africa, has spent decades in the grip of violent conflict and economic unrest. This disastrous war damaged relations throughout the Middle East and achieved little for Syria. Congo Crisis (1960-1965) was a period of hardship, and another battle for the superpowers,after Belgium grant Congo independence.This crisis at various points had the characteristics of anti-colonial struggle, a secessionist war with the province of Katanga, a United Nations peacekeeping operation, and a Cold War proxy battle between the United . Climate change has played a small, but important role in fueling civil wars and other armed conflicts in recent decades and will play an exponentially greater role in the future, according to a new study published Wednesday in the journal Nature. Kalonji's and Lumumba's being supplied with arms by USSR. The Congo has been utterly cursed by its natural wealth. One government leading the "Republic of the Congo" Congo Civil War / First Congo War - 1996-1998. Image source, Getty Images. CAUSES OF CONGO WAR: The roots of this war go back to the 1994 civil war and genocide of the Tutsi ethnic group in Rwanda by the Hutu ethnic group. The wars caused a drastic increase in the number of orphans, helping to create the gruesome phenomenon known as "child soldiers." The wars also exacerbated ethnic tensions over land and territory in Eastern Congo, posing a long-term challenge for the transition to peace. The Second Congo War (also known as the Great War of Africa) began in August 1998, little more than a year after the First Congo War and involving some of the same issues, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and officially ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo took power. The current conflict is further rooted in the two previous civil wars, beginning in 1996 and 1998, respectively. The First Congo War (1996-1997) was a foreign invasion of Zaire led by Rwanda that replaced a decades-long dictator, Mobutu Sésé Seko with the rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila. The first was sparked by the 1994 Rwandan genocide where Hutu groups led mass killings of mostly Tutsis. Destabilization in eastern Zaire that resulted from the Rwandan Genocide was the final factor that caused numerous internal and external factors to align against the corrupt and inept government in the capital . They retaliated by invading the Democratic Republic of the Congo, starting the Second Congo War. As a point of departure, Kisangani gives the term 'civil wars' a new meaning because in this book, this term encompasses secession conflicts, ethnic wars, revolts, rebellions, invasions, and mutinies. He renamed the country the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1997. The First Congo War (1996-1997), also nicknamed Africa's First World War, was a civil war and international military conflict which took place mostly in Zaire (present-day Democratic Republic of Congo), with major spillovers into Sudan and Uganda.The conflict culminated in a foreign invasion that replaced Zairean president Mobutu Sese Seko with the rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila. The Real Cause of the Civil War. The camp for internally displaced persons on April 22, 2013. Belgian gave the Congo just five months to get itself ready for independence despite the fact that it was clearly . While on paper South African and Canadian firms hold the exploration rights to many of the mines in Eastern Congo, the violence in the region led many of them to pull out, which resulted in groups . 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