This cost him the sympathies of many of his countrymen, and he eventually abandoned it. In June Alexander fought his last great battle on the left bank of the Hydaspes. The famous encounter between Alexander and Diogenes the Cynic occurred during Alexander's stay in Corinth. His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after. [296] This act was in defiance of a prediction by Tiberius's soothsayer Thrasyllus of Mendes that Caligula had "no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding a horse across the Bay of Baiae". Crossing the Hindu Kush northward over the Khawak Pass (11,650 feet [3,550 metres]), Alexander brought his army, despite food shortages, to Drapsaca (sometimes identified with modern Banu [Andarab], probably farther north at Qunduz); outflanked, Bessus fled beyond the Oxus (modern Amu Darya), and Alexander, marching west to Bactra-Zariaspa (modern Balkh [Wazirabad] in Afghanistan), appointed loyal satraps in Bactria and Aria. What was Alexander the Greats childhood like? There was much speculation about the cause of death, and the most popular theories claim that he either contracted malaria or typhoid fever or that he was poisoned. These only occasionally quote the letters and it is an open question how reliable such quotations are. His post of chiliarch (grand vizier) was left unfilled. Even as he watched the city burn, Alexander immediately began to regret his decision. Instead of taking the direct route down the river to Babylon, he made across northern Mesopotamia toward the Tigris, and Darius, learning of this move from an advance force sent under Mazaeus to the Euphrates crossing, marched up the Tigris to oppose him. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. [62], After his victory at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Philip II began the work of establishing himself as hgemn (Greek: ) of a league which according to Diodorus was to wage a campaign against the Persians for the sundry grievances Greece suffered in 480 and free the Greek cities of the western coast and islands from Achaemenid rule. Concerned that other Greek states might intervene, Alexander made it look as though he was preparing to attack Illyria instead. In Caria, Halicarnassus resisted and was stormed, but Ada, the widow and sister of the satrap Idrieus, adopted Alexander as her son and, after expelling her brother Pixodarus, Alexander restored her to her satrapy. [34], After the victory at Chaeronea, Philip and Alexander marched unopposed into the Peloponnese, welcomed by all cities; however, when they reached Sparta, they were refused, but did not resort to war. The Persian plan to tempt Alexander across the river and kill him in the melee almost succeeded; but the Persian line broke, and Alexanders victory was complete. From his accession Alexander had set his mind on the Persian expedition. "[248] Some modern historians (e.g., Robin Lane Fox) believe not only that Alexander's youthful relationship with Hephaestion was sexual, but that their sexual contacts may have continued into adulthood, which went against the social norms of at least some Greek cities, such as Athens,[249][250] though some modern researchers have tentatively proposed that Macedonia (or at least the Macedonian court) may have been more tolerant of homosexuality between adults. Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Caligula 19. A year later Philip divorced Olympias, and, after a quarrel at a feast held to celebrate his fathers new marriage, Alexander and his mother fled to Epirus, and Alexander later went to Illyria. [42] He continued to Illyria,[42] where he sought refuge with one or more Illyrian kings, perhaps with Glaukias, and was treated as a guest, despite having defeated them in battle a few years before. Any other answer would cause the mermaid to turn into a raging Gorgon who would drag the ship to the bottom of the sea, all hands aboard. The cause of his death at such a young age is unknown, but the theories are plenty; some suggest Malaria, others say natural causes, and the conspiracy theory lovers say he was poisoned. [271] Alexander sought to insert Greek elements into Persian culture and to hybridize Greek and Persian culture, homogenizing the populations of Asia and Europe. And about the game answers of Word Lanes, they will be up to date during the lifetime of the game. During this turmoil, the Illyrians invaded Macedonia, only to be repelled by Alexander. In the area of architecture, a few examples of the Ionic order can be found as far as Pakistan with the Jandial temple near Taxila. [51], Attalus was at that time corresponding with Demosthenes, regarding the possibility of defecting to Athens. At Memphis Alexander sacrificed to Apis, the Greek term for Hapi, the sacred Egyptian bull, and was crowned with the traditional double crown of the pharaohs; the native priests were placated and their religion encouraged. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. [163] Another recent analysis suggested pyogenic (infectious) spondylitis or meningitis. Accordingly, we provide you with all hints and cheats and needed answers to accomplish the required crossword and find a final word of the puzzle group. The event marked a step in Alexanders progress toward Eastern absolutism, and this growing attitude found its outward expression in his use of Persian royal dress. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Each world has more than 20 groups with 5 puzzles each. It was probably in connection with a general order now sent out to the Greeks to honour Hephaestion as a hero that Alexander linked the demand that he himself should be accorded divine honours. He reportedly read this passage to his patron King Lysimachus, who had been one of Alexander's generals and who quipped, "I wonder where I was at the time. How far the rigour that from now onward Alexander displayed against his governors represents exemplary punishment for gross maladministration during his absence and how far the elimination of men he had come to distrust (as in the case of Philotas and Parmenio) is debatable; but the ancient sources generally favourable to him comment adversely on his severity. "[264] This inscription is one of the few independent archaeological discoveries confirming an episode from Alexander's life. Geoff W. Adams, The Roman Emperor Gaius "Caligula" and His Hellenistic Aspirations, pp 46. [224], Alexander was erudite and patronized both arts and sciences. During the ensuing Battle of Chaeronea, Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals. He never lost a battle. [148], Given the propensity of the Macedonian aristocracy to assassination,[151] foul play featured in multiple accounts of his death. He is also said to have sent an expedition to discover the causes of the flooding of the Nile. [240][241] He apparently had two sons, Alexander IV of Macedon by Roxana and, possibly, Heracles of Macedon from his mistress Barsine. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The death of the son necessitated the death of the father, and thus Parmenion, who had been charged with guarding the treasury at Ecbatana, was assassinated at Alexander's command, to prevent attempts at vengeance. [197] In India, confronted by Porus's elephant corps, the Macedonians opened their ranks to envelop the elephants and used their sarissas to strike upwards and dislodge the elephants' handlers. While he was sleeping, the goddess appeared and told him to found a city there and move into it the Smyrnaeans from the "old" city. [272], The core of the Hellenistic culture promulgated by the conquests was essentially Athenian. Most infamously, Alexander personally killed the man who had saved his life at Granicus, Cleitus the Black, during a violent drunken altercation at Maracanda (modern day Samarkand in Uzbekistan), in which Cleitus accused Alexander of several judgmental mistakes and most especially, of having forgotten the Macedonian ways in favour of a corrupt oriental lifestyle. The prophet Daniel, who wrote his book from 605 to 530 B.C., predicted Alexander would head a world power around 200 years before it happened (see Daniel 2, 7, 8 and 11). [113] Alexander sent back vast sums from his conquest, which stimulated the economy and increased trade across his empire. [274] Koine spread throughout the Hellenistic world, becoming the lingua franca of Hellenistic lands and eventually the ancestor of modern Greek. [96] The Persian king no longer controlled his own destiny, and was taken prisoner by Bessus, his Bactrian satrap and kinsman. This game was developed by Fanatee Games team in which portfolio has also other games. This also showed Alexander's eagerness to fight, in contrast to his father's preference for diplomacy. [285] The Macriani, a Roman family that in the person of Macrinus briefly ascended to the imperial throne, kept images of Alexander on their persons, either on jewellery, or embroidered into their clothes. [291], After Caracalla concluded his campaign against the Alamanni, it became evident that he was inordinately preoccupied with Alexander the Great. Omissions? ", In 337 BC, Alexander fled Macedon with his mother, dropping her off with her brother, King Alexander I of Epirus in Dodona, capital of the Molossians. The provinces became independent kingdoms, and the generals, following Antigonuss lead in 306, took the title of king. Greek-speaking communities in central Anatolia and in far-eastern Anatolia survived until the Greek genocide of the 1910s and early 1920s as well as the GreekTurkish population exchange of the mid-1920s. These Greco-Buddhist kingdoms sent some of the first Buddhist missionaries to China, Sri Lanka and Hellenistic Asia and Europe (Greco-Buddhist monasticism). He appointed Porus as satrap, and added to Porus's territory land that he did not previously own, towards the south-east, up to the Hyphasis (Beas). In Aria he reduced Satibarzanes, who had offered submission only to revolt, and he founded Alexandria of the Arians (modern Hert). The Phoenician cities Marathus and Aradus came over quietly, and Parmenio was sent ahead to secure Damascus and its rich booty, including Dariuss war chest. The tyrants were expelled and (in contrast to Macedonian policy in Greece) democracies were installed. [44], In the following year, the Persian satrap (governor) of Caria, Pixodarus, offered his eldest daughter to Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus. 336-323 BC. Suddenly, in Babylon, while busy with plans to improve the irrigation of the Euphrates and to settle the coast of the Persian Gulf, Alexander was taken ill after a prolonged banquet and drinking bout; 10 days later, on June 13, 323, he died in his 33rd year; he had reigned for 12 years and eight months. This was a sign of Caracalla's increasingly erratic behaviour. In the meantime (winter 333332) the Persians had counterattacked by land in Asia Minorwhere they were defeated by Antigonus, the satrap of Greater Phrygiaand by sea, recapturing a number of cities and islands. Their works are lost, but later works based on these original sources have survived. [78] Alexander restored the temples neglected by the Persians and dedicated new monuments to the Egyptian gods. 2011-07-11 16:11:11. In spring 326, crossing the Indus near Attock, Alexander entered Taxila, whose ruler, Taxiles, furnished elephants and troops in return for aid against his rival Porus, who ruled the lands between the Hydaspes (modern Jhelum) and the Acesines (modern Chenb). [259] This process can be seen in such great Hellenistic cities as Alexandria, Antioch[270] and Seleucia (south of modern Baghdad). [23][26][27][28] This gave the Macedonian court a good knowledge of Persian issues, and may even have influenced some of the innovations in the management of the Macedonian state. With his death marking the start of the Hellenistic period, Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism that his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism and Hellenistic Judaism. Some of the most pronounced effects of Hellenization can be seen in Afghanistan and India, in the region of the relatively late-rising Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250125 BC) (in modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan) and the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC 10 AD) in modern Afghanistan and India. Alexander crossed into Asia (present-day Turkey) where he won a series of battles with the Persians under Darius III. Share on Facebook . AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 17.15 g, 1h). One of the mysteries in the story of Alexander the Great is his death. [221] He had great self-restraint in "pleasures of the body", in contrast with his lack of self-control with alcohol. Alexander sent his body for burial with due honours in the royal tombs at Persepolis. The Macedonians quickly begged forgiveness, which Alexander accepted, and held a great banquet with several thousand of his men. I would accept, Parmenio is reported to have said, were I Alexander; I too, was the famous retort, were I Parmenio. The storming of Tyre in July 332 was Alexanders greatest military achievement; it was attended with great carnage and the sale of the women and children into slavery. This is in line with the description of him given by the Greek biographer Plutarch (c. 45 c.120AD): The outward appearance of Alexander is best represented by the statues of him which Lysippus made, and it was by this artist alone that Alexander himself thought it fit that he should be modelled. Macedon is too small for you", and bought the horse for him. [311] In this tradition, he was a heroic figure who built a wall to defend against the nations of Gog and Magog. 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